Motor Skills and Motor Learning || with Errorless Solutions 100%.
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Motor Skills and Motor Learning
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Motor Skills And Motor Learning
What relevance does motor control theory have for a practitioner? correct answers Provides a basis for which to develop effective skill instruction and practice environments
If a practitioner knows how and why a person can adapt to a variety of situations when performing a motor skill, they can ...
Motor Skills and Motor Learning || with Errorless Solutions 100%.
What relevance does motor control theory have for a practitioner? correct answers Provides a basis for which to develop effective skill instruction and practice environments
If a practitioner knows how and why a person can adapt to a variety of situations when performing a motor skill, they can develop practice conditions to facilitate the adaption.
What relevance does motor control theory have for a coach? correct answers 1. Helps them develop interventions
2. predict effectiveness of strategies
3. develop a systematic approach to improve skill capabilities
4. Create a new intervention strategy
5. Evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention
6. Identify performance dysfunction
True or false: theories describe classes of observations. correct answers True.
What is coordination? correct answers The patterning of head, body, and/or limb motions relative to environmental objects and events.
How would you break coordination into two elements? Give an example. correct answers 1st element: Patterns of head, body or limb movement--viewed regardless of skill level!
2nd element: Relative to environmental objects and events--environmental characteristics constrain the head, body and limbs to act in ways that make the goal achievable.
Example: A basketball player playing defense must move their head, body and limbs relative to the dimensions and characteristics of the court, where the ball is at, and where their opponent is at.
Do we actively coordinate each of our muscles and joints? correct answers No, if we did then we
would most likely miss our opportunity to actually perform the skill.
What are degrees of freedom? correct answers The number of system components or the number of ways each component can vary.
more complex movements= more degrees of freedom
What is the degrees of freedom problem sport scientists have to try and solve? correct answers How to constrain the systems many degrees of freedom to produce the correct outcome.
How do we solve the degrees of freedom problem? correct answers Practicing! This helps to unfreeze the degrees of freedom and improve nervous system coordination. Most theories of motor control incorporate two basic systems of control. What are they and how do they work? correct answers 1. Open-loop: No feedback is used, the instructions contain all the
information necessary for the effectors to perform planned movements.
2.Close-loop: The control center sends initial instruction to the effectors to initiate movement. Feedback then provides info about the movement status which tells the control center to either keep going as planned, or correct a movement error.
The two basic systems of control have a control center and effectors involved. Give a definition of each correct answers Control center: generates and issues movement instructions. (Not always
your brain!)
Effectors: muscles, limbs, or head
True or false: To produce a coordinated movement, a motor control system must solve the degrees of freedom problem. correct answers True.
What are the two kind of theories associated with the open and closed loop systems? correct answers 1. Motor- Program Theories: open-loop
2. Dynamic System Theories: closed-loop
Motor Control Theories correct answers -movement instructions (motor program) are input by the control system, which provide the basis for organizing, initiating, and carrying out coordinated movement.
-These are programs already remembered.
-No feedback from environment (open loop)
Dynamic Systems Theory correct answers -motor instructions (motor programs) are input by the environment. -environmental information dynamically interacts with the body, limbs and nervous system to organize a coordinated movement.
-helps us see how movement occurs
-feedback (closed-loop)
motor program correct answers memory representation that stores and controls information needed to perform coordinated movement.
True or false: We have motor programs for the things we do all day long. correct answers False. Different motor program theories allocate different levels of control to the motor program for performing coordinated movement. What is Schmidt's Schema Theory? correct answers hypothesizes that a generalized motor program (GMP) enables the adaptive and flexible qualities of a human environment--allowing the performance of new actions.
example: the GMP for walking allows you to walk in a variety of different environments.
What does a generalized motor program control to allow coordinated flexible/adaptive movement? correct answers a class of actions rather than one specific movement.
What are a class of actions? correct answers A set of different movements with a set of common invariant features.
what does the production of an action require? correct answers the appropriate motor program to be retrieved from memory with the addition of movement specific parameters.
What is the difference between invariant features and parameters? correct answers Invariant features: the signature of a generalized motor program (GMP), forms a basis of what is stored in the memory, and remains the same for certain actions/programs.
Parameter: variant movement related features of the performance of an action, enables adaptive movements, changes depending on the skill.
What are the invariant features of a GMP? correct answers 1. The relative time (portion, percentage, time of the movement for each component of a skill)
2. The order of movement sequence (the sequence of a movement remains the same each time).
What are the parameters of a GMP? correct answers 1. Duration of action (total or absolute movement time)
2. Muscles used to perform the skill
Do you need both the invariant features and the parameters for coordinated movement? Explain. correct answers Yes! The relative time and movement (invariant features) of a basketball shot stay the same regardless
of the shooter, but the duration of the shot and muscles used (parameters) differ between shooters. Schmidt's schema explains how GMP works to produce coordinated movement.
Schema correct answers A set of rules that provide basis for a decision.
-developed by grouping important pieces of info from related experience and combining them into a type of rule.
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