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pltw biomedical science_ unit 2 test review (1).
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pltw biomedical science: unit 2 test reviewhomeostasis - ANS-a steady state, which is achieved by monitoring changes in the internal and
external environment and feeding this information back to the body so that it can make
necessary change
feedback mechanisms - ANS-(also known as feedback loops) control of body temperature,
heart rate, and the concentration of sugar in the blood
positive feedback - ANS-causes a reinforcement of the original action, so the input causes the
reaction to increase
what is an example of positive feedback? - ANS-child-birth; blood clots
negative feedback - ANS-causes the system to stop doing the original action and to either take
no action or to perform an opposite action
what is an example of negative feedback? - ANS-insulin/diabetes; body temperature
nervous system - ANS-communicates using electrical signals
endocrine system - ANS-uses chemical signals, called hormones, to regulate body functioning
hormones - ANS-chemical messengers that carry signals from one cell to another and regulate
many of the body's functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction
glands - ANS-tissues in the body that secrete fluids and hormones
what is a vital component of the body's feedback system? - ANS-hormones
insulin - ANS-one of the key hormones that helps maintain a healthy blood sugar level
peptide hormone - ANS-a protein and protein hormones cannot get directly across the
membrane into the cell, so it needs a receptor
what produces insulin? - ANS-pancreas
glucose - ANS-helps with the production of ATP, which is energy and is possibly stored as
glycogen or triglycerides in fat tissue
GLUT4 vesicles - ANS-located inside the cell and have small tubes (glucose tubes)
, what explains the high blood sugar that results from Type 2 diabetes? - ANS-the pancreas
makes insulin, but it is not used effectively by the cell
what is the effect of a lack of insulin or insulin that does not work properly in the body? -
ANS-blood sugar (glucose) levels build up
Insulin Concentration Test - ANS-Type 1 diabetes
Glucose Tolerance Test - ANS-Type 2 diabetes; a method which can help diagnose instances of
diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance- the test is a more substantial indicator of diabetes than
fingerprinting testing
what are the units of food energy? - ANS-Calories
where is the energy from food obtained? - ANS-energy stored in bonds is released when bonds
are broken during digestion
list the four macromolecules - ANS-carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
what are some long term effects of diabetes? - ANS-Eye Complications
Foot Complications
Skin Complications
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Hearing Loss
Oral Health Problems
Gastroparesis
Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Neuropathy
Kidney Disease
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Stroke
Stress
what is the range for normal blood sugar? - ANS-70-125 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1C test - ANS-a test that shows the amount of glucose that sticks to the red blood
cell; it reflects glucose exposure over the previous 3 months
semi-permeable membrane - ANS-a membrane that allows only certain things to move through
what is glucagon? - ANS-a hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose is low
insulin resistance - ANS-when your body makes adequate amounts of insulin, but the receptors
don'y work well
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