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Bio 245 Klesath NCSU Exam 1.
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Bio 245 Klesath NCSU Exam 1.
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Bio 245 Klesath NCSU Exam 1Adenylate Cyclase Pathway - ANS-- Activated G Protein bumps into and activates
plasma membrane enzyme (Adenylate Cyclase) which uses ATP to make cAMP
- cAMP is a second messenger that activates protein kinase A enzyme
- This protein is a phosphorylating enzyme that adds a phosphate to other molecules
either activating or inhibiting them
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - ANS-Acts on the outer region of the adrenal
gland to release cortisol
Antagonistic - ANS-Hormones have opposing effects on the target cell
Ex. Glucagon increased blood glucose while insulin lowers it
Antral follicle - ANS-Fluid-filled antrum forms within the granulosa cells of the antral
follicle
A group of granulosa cells called the cumulus oophorus remains associated with the
primary oocyte as it is pushed to one side of the follicle
Autocrine Stimulation vs. Paracrine Stimulation - ANS-Autocrine Stimulation:
- Effects the same cell where the messenger was formed
Paracrine Stimulation:
- Effects the neighboring cells around it
Biogenic Amines - ANS-Derived from amino acids (small); water soluble expect for the
Thyroid Hormone which is lipid soluble
Ex. Thyroid Hormones, Catecholamines (Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine)
Compare the follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle. -
ANS-Follicular phase
- Usually only one mature follicle develops per month that contains a secondary oocyte
arrested in metaphase II
Ovulation
- Release of secondary oocyte (surrounded by corona radiate and zona pellucida) from
mature follicle in response to a sharp increase in LH levels
- Typically, only one secondary oocyte is ovulated per month
Luteal phase
- The granulosa cells remaining in the ovary after ovulation transform into the
progesterone secreting corpus luteum
, - It regresses into corpus albicans in about 13 days if implantation does not occur
- If implantation occurs the corpus luteum remains active for about 3 months
Compare the hormones secreted by the follicular and parafollicular cells of the thyroid
gland. - ANS-Follicular Cells:
- Produce and release thyroid hormone (TH)
- T3 triiodothyronine
- T4 tetraiodothyronine
- Thyroid gland produces more T4 but T3 is more active form
- Most target cells convert T4 to T3
Parafollicular Cells
- Produces Calcitonin
- Secreted by humoral stimuli
- decreases blood calcium levels
components of spermatozoa - ANS-Includes a Head
Nucleus
Acrosome Cap
Filled with enzymes that allow it to penetrate the oocyte during fertilization
Includes Midpiece
Used to power the flagellum
Includes tail
Has the flagellum
Define semen and identify its components and the glands responsible for seminal fluid. -
ANS-- Semen (Ejaculate)
Mixture of Sperm and Seminal Fluid
Seminal Fluid
Secreted from accessory glands that support reproductive health and sperm viability
- Seminal Vesicles produces the largest volume of this
Also produce prostaglandins (promote widening of the external os)
Contains lots of fructose to nourish the sperm
- Prostate Glands secrete citric acid (nourish sperm) and seminalplasmin which
contribute to health of the sperm
Also secretes prostate specific antigen (PSA) which liquifies semen after ejaculation
and supports the movement of the sperm through the female track
- Bulbourethral Glands
Secrete a mucus that produces pre-ejaculate that cleanses the urethra and prepares it
for semen
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