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Summary AQA AS/A Level Psychology Notes & AO3 - Memory
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Provides a summary with key words on the memory topic in psychology for AQA
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Memory:Describe the types of LTM
Distinguishing between procedural and
declarative memories
The case study of HM notes that his ability to
form new LTMs was affected by the destruction
of his hippocampus (parts of the temporal lobes
were also destroyed) but he retained his
preexisting LTMs. After the surgery, HM could
still form new procedural memories but not
episodic or semantic memories e.g he could learn
how to draw a figure by looking at the reflection
in a mirror, called mirror drawing (Corkin,2002)
- procedural memory
Episodic
Evidence from brain scans
Personal memories of events, you may Distinction between the 3 kinds of LTM is
recall the emotions felt at the time supported by brain scam research
Episodic memory is associated with the
Three specific elements: Specific details hippocampus and other parts of the temporal
lobe, where the hippocampus is located, as well
of the event, emotions and the context as with the activity in the frontal lobe.
Semantic memory also relies on the temporal
lobe. Procedural memory activation is
Semantic associated with the cerebellum, which is
Shared memories for facts and involved in the control of the fine motor skills
as well as the motor cortex
knowledge, memories may be concrete e.g Brain scans therefore indicate that there are 3
types of memory are found in different parts
2+2=4 of the brain and so are separate
generally, begin as episodic memories
because we acquire knowledge through
personal experience
may relate to the functions of objects +
the appropriate behaviour in different Problems with evidence from patients with
brain damage
situations Difficulty with studies of amnesiacs, including
HM, is that it is difficult to be certain if the
exact parts of the brain that has been
Procedural affected until the patient died. Most cases are
memory of how to do things e.g riding a conducted with living patients - damage to a
particular area of the brain does not
bike or learning how to read necessarily mean that area is responsible for a
these become automatic as a result of particular behaviour
This means we cannot establish a causal
repeated practice
relationship between a particular brain region
too much attention to the step-by-step and type of LTM
process disrupts the well learned
automatic performance
, Memory:
Outline and evaluate the working memory model.
Studies of individuals with brain damage
also support the WMM
Shallice and Warrington (1970) studied a
man called KF whose STF of auditory
information was greater than that of
visual stimuli. His auditory problems were
also limited to verbal material, e,g letter
and digits but not meaningful sounds e.g a
phone ringing = his brain damage seemed
to be
restricted to the phonological loop
This supports the idea of separate visual
and spatial systems, suggested by the
WMM
Central executive
- Monitors and coordinates all other Dual task performance
Hitch and Baddeley (1976) supported the
mental functions in the working memory existence of the central executive in one study
Task 1 occupied the CE (e.g participants were
given a statement like A is followed by B) and
Episodic Buffer were asked to say true or false task 2 involved
- Integrates information from the either the articulating loop (asked to say "the"
repeatedly) or involved the central executive
central executive, the phonological and and the articulatory loop (saying random
digits). Task 1 was slower when task 2 involved
the visuo-spatial sketchpad both CE and AL demonstrates the dual task
- Temporary information store performance effect and shows the CE is one of
the components of working memory
Phonological loop
- Codes speech sounds, typically
involves mental rehearsal
- Split into the phonological store
Problems with using case studies
(words you hear) and the articulatory Brain injuries are traumatic, which may
store (words that are heard or seen) change behaviour so that a person
performs worse on tasks. We are also
unaware of what their brain was like
Visuo-spatial sketchpad beforehand and the difficulties the
- Visual information is stored here person may have had e.g difficulties
paying attention.
(what things look like) and spatial Case studies are unique and cannot be
information (the physical relationship generalised to the population.
This is an issue because some key
between things) research that supports the WMM are
from case studies
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