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NUR 376 Patho Final exam with correct answers
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NUR 376 Patho Final exam with correct answersImmunodeficiency - Correct Answer - Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Immunocompetence - Correct Answer - refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself from infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression - Correct Answer - indicates that there is a defective immune system that is putting
the pt at risk for infection.
Opportunistic Infection - Correct Answer - an infection that was caused by a microorganism that flourished because of its host's deficient immune system.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection - Correct Answer - when a pt's infection is caused by microorganisms that originated within the clinical environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity - Correct Answer - allergic reaction
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - Correct Answer - mediated by Igs that target antigen on cells and cause cell destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity - Correct Answer - antigen combines with Ig within circulation
and complexes are then deposited into tissues. SLE, autoimmune disorders
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity - Correct Answer - initiated by T-cells that have previous exposure to antigen
Dermatitis from exposure to poison ivy
Key lab values in Infections - Correct Answer - WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections, autoimmune disease
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? - Correct Answer - You would look at the differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which provides info about the % of different types of white blood cells.
An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a bacterial infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative of inflammation / autoimmune disease.
Hypervolemia - Correct Answer - Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - Correct Answer - High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content (more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE. Osmotic pressure - Correct Answer - The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Polyuria - Correct Answer - excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Hypovolemia - Correct Answer - Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating blood volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Hydrostatic pressure - Correct Answer - the force exerted by the blood confined within the blood vessels or heart chamber.
Isotonic - Correct Answer - No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium. Equal osmotic pressure. No "tug of war". Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke. Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride (NS), lactated ringers (LR)
Use: Rehydrate body, increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA, HHNS(risk for type 2 diabetes
patients)- when blood sugar high
Hypertonic - Correct Answer - HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick, very salty, more solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell.
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