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Summary REPRODUCTION IN PLANT
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IT SHORT NOTES OF BIOLOGY FIRST CHAPTER CLASS 12 REPRODUCTION IN LOWER AND HIEGHER PLANT THIS FOR NEET AND JEE ASPIRANTS
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Reproduction in OrganismsAsexual Reproduction
● The period through which a certain organism lives is known
as its life span.
● Reproduction is the process by which every organism
ensures its continuity.
● It is the process through which organisms produce young
ones, which in turn mature to give rise to their young ones.
● Reproduction can be:
○ Asexual − Only one individual is involved
○ Sexual − Two individuals (male and female) are
involved
Asexual Reproduction
● In this type, a single parent can produce offspring.
● The produced offspring are clones of each other (i.e.,
identical to each other and to the parent).
● It is commonly seen in unicellular organisms belonging to
protista and monera.
● Here, the cell division itself is the mode of reproduction.
Means of Asexual Reproduction
● Binary Fission
− In this process, the cell divides into
halves, and each half develops into an adult (example:
Amoeba
,
Paramecium)
.
, ● Budding
− In this process, the cell divides unequally to
form buds, which remain attached to the parent initially, and
then detach and develop into a mature cell (example:
yeast).
● Formation of specialized structures
○ Conidia − (Example:
Penicillium)
○ Gemmules − (Example: Sponges)
○ Buds − (Example:
Hydra
)
○ Zoospores − Microscopic, motile spores (Example:
Algae)
● Vegetative propagation
− It means of asexual
reproduction in plants. Different structures are capable of
giving rise to new plants.
○ Runner − (Example: Gladiolus)
○ Rhizome − (Example: Ginger)
○ Sucker
○ Tuber − (Example: Potato)
○ Offset
○ Bulb − (Example: Onion)
Sexual Reproduction: PreFertilisation Events
● Sexual reproduction involves the formation of the male and
female gametes in either the same individual or two
individuals. These gametes fuse to form a zygote, which
develops into a new individual.
● Offspring are not identical to each other or to the parents.
So, sexual reproduction gives rise to diversity among living
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