2. Necrosis - ANS -Rapid loss of plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
3. Atrophy - ANS -Degeneration of cells
4. Hypertrophy - ANS -Swelling of cells
5. Hyperplasia - ANS -Increase in number of cells
6. Metaplasia - ANS -Replacement of cells, may not be functional
,7. Loss of ATP effect on cells - ANS -Sodium-potassium pump failure.
Intracellular sodium, extracellular potassium leads to edema
8. Effect of oxygen depletion - ANS -Anaerobic metabolism
(glycolysis)
9. Free radical - ANS -electrically charged atom/atoms with unpaired
electron--unstable. Steals molecules to stabilize.
10. Lysosome leakage from cell injury - ANS -Digestion of
cellular organelles, halts DNA/RNA
11. Ethanol - ANS -Metabolized to acetaldehyde--liver
dysfunction over time
, 12. Peroxisomes - ANS -Detoxify ethanol, creates hydrogen
peroxide
13. Most vulnerable to radiation - ANS -DNA
14. Effects of aging - ANS -Muscular atrophy (sarcopenia),
stiffness/rigidity of systems
15. Stiffness/rigidity of systems - ANS -Peripheral vascular
resistance increase, decreased HCL and stomach emptying,
decreased immune response, decreased total body potassium,
increased extracellular compartment
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