BIOD 101 ALL MODULE EXAMS AND FINAL EXAM GUIDE 2023/2024 - A+ SOLUTIONS a. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid nucleotide. b. What are the particular types of each of these that are found in DNA and what are the corresponding types that are found in RNA? - a. sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base b. DNA - deoxyribose - phosphate group - adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine RNA- ribose -phosphate group - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil What are the four major differences btw DNA and RNA? - 1. DNA contains deoxyribose - RNA is ribose 2. DNA: thymine RNA: uracil 3. DNA: double stranded helix RNA: single strand DNA is ofte n described as a coiled ladder. In this description, what two parts of a DNA nucleotide form the uprights? What part forms the rungs? - The uprights are the sugar phosphate backbone, and the rungs are the bases. Explain the 2 differences btw hydrolysis an d dehydration condensation. - During dehydration condensation biomacromolecules are synthesized by joining building block monomers. A water molecule is lost and energy is used. Biomacromolecules are broken down into monomers during hydrolysis when a water molecule is added and energy is released. Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. GLUCOSE - Carbohydrate; used as fuel, is referred to as blood sugar in humans and animals Tell w hether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Starch - Carbohydrate; the form in which plants store glucose Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Cellulose - Carbohydrate; woody tissue in plants and trees, indigestible fiber Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Triglyceride - Lipid; t he major form of fuel storage that when broken down produces twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Phopholipid - Lipid; the majo r constituent of cell membranes Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Hemoglobin - Protein; carries oxygen in the blood Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipi d, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. DNA - Nucleic Acid; contains genetic material of cells Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. RNA - Nucleic Acid; part of the protein -synthesizing operation of the cell Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Cholesterol - Lipid; component of animal cell membranes that, when in excess, can form plaque on artery walls Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. ATP - Nucleic Acid; releases energy through the breaking of high -energy phosphate bond Tell whether each of the fol lowing is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Glycogen - Carbohydrate; the form in which animals and humans store glucose Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then e xplain the use of each. Insulin - Protein; a hormone Why are proteins so often used to build structures? - Because they are "structurally sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible and incredibly diverse. Explain the following terms in regard to prot eins: a. Primary structure: b. Secondary structure: c. Tertiary structure: d. Quaternary structure: - a. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear chain forms (alp ha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth; strong and flexible but not elastic. Both conformations held together with hydrogen bonds. It's possible that one chain can have both patterns c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R -group interactions and hydrogen bonds d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. **need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this structure** The bases pres ent in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O? - Nitrogen What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - being insoluble in water due to the presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons What is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - Most biomacromolecules are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or nitrogen) in the functional group Name the building -block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacrom olecules: Proteins - Amino Acids Name the building -block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: Lipids - fatty acids and glycerol Name the building -block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: Nucleic Acid - nucleot ides Name the building -block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: polysaccharides - monosaccharides a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements? b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the differenc e between a carbohydrate and a hydrocarbon? - a. CHO b. 2:1 c. A hydrocarbon has only H and C and carbs have HCO. Hydrocarbons are not functional groups. What are the 3 types of cholesterol? - HDL (good; takes potentially dangerous build up to liver), LDL ("bad"; potential to clog vessels), VLDL (also "bad"; clogs and carries triglycerides) Explain the 3 differences b/t prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - 1. Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1 -10 micrometers in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch) 2. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means "before the nucleus"), whereas Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus 3. Prokarytic cells do not contain many of the internal membran e-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells What are the components of the cell membrane? - Phospholipid bi -layer with proteins and phospholipids embedded within it. Cholesterol is usually present as well. What kind of proteins can be found within the phosp holipid bi -layer? - Integral, Peripheral, and glycoproteins. What is the term used to describe the type of molecules that can pass through the cell membrane? What are the types of "passive" transport and "active" transport? - The membrane is selectively permeable. No energy (ATP) is required for passive and simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion. Active requires energy (ATP) and other types are secondary active, cotransport, and counter -transport. Tell how each of the following w ould typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Gases - Simple Diffusion Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, pino cytosis or phagocytosis. Water - Simple diffusion (Osmosis) Tell how each of the following would typically enter a cell. Choose from simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis or phagocytosis. large objects such as other cells - Phagocytosis
