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UCI Bio 93 Final Exam
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UCI Bio 93 Final Exam 2023-2024What are the four most common elements in living matter? - ANSWER
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon --make up 96% of all living matter.
Properties of Acids - ANSWER Donate H+ to a solution, accept electrons, and
have a pH of <7
What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER DNA Synthesis
What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER Growth -- cell contents
are duplicated.
What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER More growth and
preparation for division.
What happens in the M phase of the cell cycle? - ANSWER Mitosis (and
cytokinesis -- division of the cell).
What are the subphases of mitosis? - ANSWER Prophase, Pre-metaphase,
Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle? - ANSWER 3 -- G1 checkpoint,
G2 checkpoint, and the M checkpoint.
What is a Karyotype? - ANSWER A layout of Metaphase chromosomes matched
with their homologous pairs.
What is a diploid cell? - ANSWER A cell with 46 chromosomes -- somatic cells.
What is a haploid cell? - ANSWER A cell with 23 chromosomes -- sex cells.
What does the mesoderm give rise to? - ANSWER the notochord (similar to a
spinal chord).
What does the endoderm give rise to? - ANSWER the digestive tract.
What does the ectoderm give rise to? - ANSWER the nervous system
(brain)/neural plate.
If 2n = 18, how many chromosomes come from the mother? - ANSWER 9 -- half
from mom and half from dad
,Meiosis - ANSWER Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the
chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct
from the parent cell that gave rise to them.
What two structures does the chiasma connect? - ANSWER Non-sister
chromatids.
What are the steps of meiosis? - ANSWER Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I,
Telophase I & cytokinesis (then a second set of phases)
What does meiosis 1 deal with? - ANSWER homologous chromosomes.
What happens in prophase 1? - ANSWER The chromosomes condense, the
nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes cross over, and meiotic spindle
forms.
What happens in metaphase 1? - ANSWER the pairs of homologous chromosomes
are now tightly condensed and coiled and become arranged on the metaphase
plate.
What happens in anaphase 1? - ANSWER the pairs of chromosomes are pulled
apart by the spindle fibers (microtubules).
What happens in Telophase 1 and cytokinesis? - ANSWER The homologous
chromosome pairs complete their migration to the two poles as a result of the
action of the spindle. Now a haploid set of chromosomes is at each pole, with each
chromosome still having two chromatids. A nuclear envelope reforms around each
chromosome set, the spindle disappears, and cytokinesis follows.
What happens during meiosis 2? - ANSWER sister chromatids separate.
What happens in prophase 2 of meiosis? - ANSWER A new spindle forms around
the chromosomes.
What happens in metaphase 2 of meiosis? - ANSWER Metaphase 2 chromosomes
line up at the equator.
What happens in anaphase 2 of meiosis? - ANSWER Centromeres divide
chromatids move to opposite poles of the cells.
What happens during telophase 2 of meiosis? - ANSWER A nuclear envelope
forms around each set of chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides.
What makes meiosis a unique form of cell division - ANSWER Synapsis and
, crossing over -- occurs in prophase 1, pairing up of homologous chromosomes,
homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange corresponding genetic
information (the DNA exchanged contain the same genes, but may have different
alleles).
How does meiosis increase genetic variability? - ANSWER Independent
assortment (meiosis 1 -- homologous chromosomes separate independently),
crossing over (genetic recombination, prophase 1), and random fertilization (any
egg can join with any sperm -- most effective way to obtain genetic variability).
What is the law of segregation? - ANSWER Alleles coding for the same trait
separate independently during gamete formation.
What is non-disjunction? - ANSWER When homologous chromosomes or sister
chromatids do not separate properly.
What is a character? - ANSWER An observable heritable feature that may vary
among individuals. Ex: flower color.
What is a trait? - ANSWER One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic
character. Ex: purple flower color/white flower color.
What does the blending theory state? Is this true? - ANSWER The offspring is a
blend of both parents (ex: a tall mom giraffe + a short dad giraffe = a medium
height giraffe). This is not true because if so, every single offspring would look the
same.
What does particulate inheritance state? Is this true? - ANSWER Different traits
are inherited in separate distinct units (genes) (ex: F1 and F2 generations). This is
always true because of not every offspring looks the exact same (has the exact
same genetics).
What is an allele? - ANSWER An alternate form of a gene (ex: the gene that
determines hair color).
What does the Law of Segregation state? - ANSWER The Law of Segregation states
that two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes. (this deals with
separation of homologous pairs in Meiosis 1 producing haploid daughter cells
after Meiosis 1).
What does Independent Assortment state? - ANSWER Each pair of alleles
assort/segregate separately from each other during gamete formation. AKA no
gene linkage.
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