Optimal Foraging correct answers - archaeological theory
- helps to predict which foods foragers will harvest based on some principles borrowed from evolutionary ecology.
- the diet-breadth model predicts that as high return rate resources become rare, the diet should expand to include lower rate...
optimal foraging correct answers archaeological theory helps to predict which foods foragers will harvest based on some principles borrowed from evolutionary ecology
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Archaeological Facts (correct answers)
Optimal Foraging correct answers - archaeological theory
- helps to predict which foods foragers will harvest based on some principles borrowed
from evolutionary ecology.
- the diet-breadth model predicts that as high return rate resources become rare, the
diet should expand to include lower rate resources
Obsidian correct answers - rock that is produced when lava extruded from a volcano
cools rapidly without crystal growth
- used to process lithic tools such as arrowheads
- occurs naturally only in western United States so example of trade to Hopewell Indians
3-Age System correct answers 1. Stone Age
2. Bronze Age
3. Iron Age
- organization of material based on technological process through time (primitive to
advanced)
-developed by Christian Thomsen (1788-1865), a Danish arch, and currator of
Copenhagen Museum
- proven valid by J.A.A. Worsaae, an employer of CJT, through stratigraphy
In-Situ correct answers - Latin "in position"
- the place where an artifact, ecofact or feature was found during excavation or survey;
original "primary" depositional context
- allows us to maximize behavioral information
Flotation correct answers - the use of fluid suspension to recover tiny burned plant
remains and bone fragments from archaeological sites.
Ethnoarchaeology correct answers - the study of contemporary peoples to determine
how human behavior is translated into the archaeological record
Pollen & Palynology correct answers - technique through which the fossil pollen grains
and spores from archaeological sites are studied
Datum correct answers - the zero point, a fixed reference used to keep control on a dig
- usually controls both the vertical and horizontal dimensions of provenience
Wet (Water) Screening correct answers - a sieving process in which deposit is placed in
a screen and the matrix washed away with hoses
- essential where artifacts are expected to be small and/or difficult to find without
washing
Scientific Method correct answers - Test Hypothesis, Collect Data
- accepted principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of secure knowledge
Nationalistic Archaeology correct answers - not scientific, has agenda. Practicing what
we now call Direct Historical Approach
- eg. Nabonidus
Ecofact correct answers - non-artifactual organic remains at sites
- plant and animal remains
Remote Sensing correct answers - gathering data and information about the physical
"world"
- by detecting and measuring radiation, particles, and fields
, - located beyond the immediate vicinity of sensor devices
-associated with objects and features
- magnetometry, ground penetrating radar, soil resistivity
Stratified Random Sampling correct answers - we already have assumptions about
behavior in varied environments so clump those together and and then chose random
survey from those
- (the process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups
before sampling)
- can be more representative of the population than a survey of simple random sampling
or systematic sampling.
Flintknapping correct answers -tool:
-hammerstone (percussion)
-antler(soft percussion)
-pressure flaker
-results:
- flakes, exhausted core
-tools (bifaces,, arrowhead)
Aerial Survey correct answers - pictures from airplanes, satellites
- low angle light best (especially in agricultural fields)...shadows (topography)
-not systematic, little detail
- crop marks in England Bronze Age Sites
- good for finding sites and features, not artifacts
Bioturbation correct answers - geoarchaeology, essential in determining if primary or
secondary deposit
- the displacement and mixing of sediment particles (i.e. sediment reworking) and
solutes (i.e. bio-irrigation) by fauna (animals) or flora (plants).
- creates mixed deposit (vertical movement within a site)
Uniformitarianism correct answers - the principle asserting that the processes now
operating to modify the Earth's surface are the same processes that operated long ago
in the geological past.
- popularized by Charles Lyell
Stratigraphy correct answers - a site's physical structure produced by the deposition of
geological and/or cultural sediments into layers or strata
- the sequence of deposition can be assessed by a study of the relationships of different
layers
- adopted from geology and is basis for reconstructing the history of an archaeological
site
Index Fossils correct answers - idea that strata containing similar fossil assemblages
are of similar age.
- this concept enables archaeologists to characterize and data strata within sites using
distinctive artifact forms that research shows to be diagnostic of particular period of time
- certain extinct fossils consistently occur in distinct strata.... extinct animals occur in
same baisc sequence, in similar types of rocks, then they date to the same time
- developed by George Cuvier, French zoologist
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