Summary of all the necessary chapters you need to study for the selection Psychology at the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RUG). Document consists of chapter 2 (research methods), chapter 4 (consciousness) and chapter 12 (social psychology). All key words are in bold, other important definitions are ...
Samenvatting ALLE tentamenstof minorvak introduction to psychological theories
(Partial) Summary of the course Introduction to Psychological Theories
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Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
Psychologie
Selection 23/24
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RUG selection Psychology 23/24
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODS....................................................................................................2
HOW IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD USED IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH? (2.1-2.4)...............................................2
WHAT TYPES OF STUDIES ARE USED IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH? (2.5-2.8)..................................................4
WHAT ARE THE ETHICS GOVERNING PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH? (2.9-2.11)....................................................5
HOW ARE DATA ANALYSED AND EVALUATED? (2.12-2.15)..........................................................................6
WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? (4.1-4.5)......................................................................................................7
WHAT IS ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS? (4.6-4.9)..........................................................................................8
WHAT IS SLEEP? (4.10-4.14)................................................................................................................9
HOW DO BRAIN INJURY AND DRUGS AFFECT CONSCIOUSNESS? (4.15-4.18)...................................................12
CHAPTER 12: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY.................................................................................................15
HOW DOES GROUP MEMBERSHIP AFFECT PEOPLE? (12.1-12.5)...................................................................15
WHEN DO PEOPLE HARM OR HELP OTHERS? (12.6-12.9)...........................................................................16
HOW DO ATTITUDES GUIDE BEHAVIOR? (12.9-12.11)..............................................................................17
HOW DO PEOPLE THINK ABOUT OTHERS? (12.12-12.14)..........................................................................18
WHAT DETERMINES THE QUALITY OF RELATIONSHIPS? (12.15-12.17)..........................................................19
,Chapter 2: Research methods
Empiricism: gaining knowledge by observing the world and measuring aspects of it.
How is the scientific method used in psychological research? (2.1-
2.4)
2.1 Science has three primary goals.
Primary goals of science: description, prediction, and explanation.
- Prevalence: the proportion of a population who have a specific characterization during a
specific period.
Scientific method: systematic procedure to obtain
information about a scientific subject.
- Research: a scientific process that involves
the careful collection, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
- Data: measurements gathered during the
research process.
- Theory: a model of interconnected ideas or
concepts that explains what is observed and
makes predictions about future events.
Based on empirical evidence.
- Hypothesis: a specific, testable prediction, narrower than the theory it is based on.
2.2 The scientific method is a systematic way to test hypotheses.
There are seven steps that define the scientific method:
1. Pose a specific, testable research question 5. Conduct the study
2. Literature review (what is already known?) 6. Analyze the data
3. Form a hypothesis 7. Report the results
4. Design a study
2.3 The scientific method is cyclical.
No single study can provide a definite answer or explanation about any phenomenon.
Replication: repeating a study to confirm or contradict the results.
- Reproducibility project: an initiative from a large group of psychologists that sought to
replicate findings that had been published during 2008 in three selected journals. 39% of
these studies replicated.
False positive: a result that occurs when there is no real effect, but a study produces a statistically
significant result by chance.
Questionable research practices: practices that unintentionally make the research less replicable,
such as small samples, HARKing (hypothesizing after results are known), p-hacking (using different
formulas or sets of data to get the right results) and underreporting null effects (not reporting the
lack of relationships).
Preregistration: documenting a study’s hypothesis, methods, and analysis plan before the study
starts and publishing it on a time-stamped website.
Meta-analysis: a “study of studies” that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a
conclusion.
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