Summary
Summary Overview of all biomedical techniques
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Overview of all the techniques that are discussed during cases.
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All techniques MBS1002 When would you use this technique?
How to prepare sample?
How does this technique work?
MSI
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) = a technique used to visualize the
spatial distribution of biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, lipids or
other organic compounds by their molecular masses.
When would you use this technique?
For lipid research. Lipids are very valuable in cancer research and
eventually for treatment strategies. Alterations in the lipid composition of
tissue are seen in certain diseases, including cancer.
How to prepare sample?
Via cryosectioning. (see lecture)
How does this technique work?
See lecture.
PET scan
PET scans = produce detailed 3D images of the inside of the body.
When would you use this technique?
PET scan is an effective way to help identify a variety of conditions,
including cancer, heart disease and brain disorders.
How to prepare sample?
Avoid exercising 24 hours before the scan. Follow a special diet for 12 to
24 hours before the scan. Don't drink or eat anything, except water, for 6
hours before the scan.
How does this technique work?
A small amount of radioactive glucose (a sugar) is injected into a vein. The
PET scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where
glucose is being used in the brain. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter
in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose
than normal cells do.
Histology
When would you use this technique?
Histology allows for the visualization of tissue structure and characteristic
changes the tissue may have undergone. Because of this, it is utilized in
medical diagnosis (cancer), scientific study, autopsy, and forensic
investigation.
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, How to prepare sample?
1. Fixation. Fixation is carried out immediately after the removal of the
sample to be observed.
2. Embedding. Embedding is the step that follows fixation in a fixative
solution. t consists in hardening the sample in a paraffin embedding
medium, in order to be able to carry out the sectioning.
3. Sectioning. Sectioning is performed using microtomy or cryotomy.
4. Staining and immunolabeling. Staining increases contrast to recognize
different things in the image.
5. Mounting. For adhesion.
Preparation of the slides using the paraffin technique can be time-
consuming; frozen slides are faster to prepare, but this can affect the
resolution, especially when using light microscopy.
How does this technique work?
see above.
Immunohistochemistry
When would you use this technique?
To determine the tissue distribution of an antigen of interest in health and
disease. Widely used for diagnosis of cancer. Because specific tumor
antigens are expressed de novo or up-regulated in certain cancers.
How to prepare sample?
Sample preparation may include processes such as fixation, dehydration,
embedding and sectioning.
Formalin-fixed tissue samples are usually embedded in paraffin to
maintain their natural shape and tissue architecture during long-term
storage and to facilitate sectioning prior to IHC. Such samples and the
sections prepared from them are usually referred to as formalin-fixed,
paraffin-embedded (FFPE) materials
Samples can be viewed by light/fluorescence microscopy.
How does this technique work?
ELISA
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