Biochemistry C785 Module 1 (Answered) 2022/2023
What is translation?
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase
DNA primers in PCR are needed to?
a initiate...
biochemistry c785 module 1 answered 20222023 what is translation process by which mrna is decoded and a protein is produced polymerase chain reaction pcr a method of producing thousands of copie
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Biochemistry C785 Module 1 (Answered)
2022/2023
What is translation?
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA
polymerase
DNA primers in PCR are needed to?
a initiate synthesis of the new DNA molecule
dNTPs are the
building blocks of DNA
DNA polymerase III adds bases to the new
DNA chain; proofreading the chain for mistakes
Excision Repair locates and repairs
incorrect sequence by removing a segment of the DNA and then adding the correct
nucleotides
Base Excision Repair (BER) is what
DNA repair that first excises modified bases and then replaces the entire nucleotide
mismatch repair does what
repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing
homologous recombination repairs what kind of breaks
double strand breaks
Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) is what kind of repair
used to repair deletions, insertions and helix-distorting lesions, thymine dimers
complete dominance
a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another
incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
Codominance
A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.
franeshift mutation
a single base is added or deleted from DNA
What is a nonsense mutation?
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting
in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
What is a silent mutation?
alters a base but does not change the amino acid
missense mutation
A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA
change
Epigenetic repression
, carried out by DNA and nucleosome modifications that result in increased nucleosome
packing that makes the DNA less available for transcription.
decreased gene expression
epigenetic repression where the methylation present is packed tightly
Epigenetic activation
nucleosome and DNA modifications that result in the loosening of the chromatin
structure to allow for transcription to take place.
Increased gene expression
Usually achieved by other chemical tags that loosen up DNA coiling so transcription can
occur.
RNA primer
short piece of RNA needed for DNA polymerase to start
Introns
are removed from the mRNA after transcription of the gene occurs
Steps of Insulin Production
1. Transcription factors bind to the promoter.
2. Transcription factors recruit RNA polymerase.
3. RNA polymerase makes insulin mRNA.
4. Insulin mRNA is used to make insulin protein.
Genotype
genetic makeup
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
When given the coding (non-template) DNA 5' CGG TAT TGC 3' what is the non-
coding (template) complementary to DNA?
1. You want the non-coding template
2. Change to 3' to 5'
3. Write from 3 (opposite direction)
4. Change G to C, C to
5. Change A to T, T to A
3' GCC ATA ACG 5'
Results when there is an insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs (if the
number of base pairs is not a multiple of three)
Frameshift
If a point mutation results in a shorter protein product because a stop codon is
introduced, it is called a _____________________ mutation.
Nonsense
If DNA contains a point mutation, transcription will result in the production of
__________________ with the incorrect sequence.
mRNA
If there is a missense mutation, during the process of translation, the wrong
_____________ ________________ will be inserted into the growing polypeptide
chain.
amino acid
"3 nucleotide codon" patterns gets out of sync because of an insertion / deletion
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