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AQA A Level Biology Paper 2 2021
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AQA A Level Biology Paper 2 2021
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AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 21. air spaces between them = rapid diffusion, long
Name three ad-
and narrow and are packed with chloroplast the
vantages of
thin tis- sue of the leaf allows light to reach
meso- phyll in
mesophyll
the leaf
2. stroma in the fluid filled matrix where does
the LIR
occur?
3. 100 stacked discs of thylakoids what is the
grana?
4. chlorophyll absorbs light energy, excite electrons, transport
move along carriers etc releasing energy, used to chain that is
join ADP and pi to form ATP, photolysis of water then
produces protons electrons oxygen, NADP accepted by
reduced by electrons oxygen that
is the ter-
5. electron is oxidised that reduces NADP, carries out
minal
series of redox reactions along the electron
electron
, AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 2
receptor which oxidises NADPH back to NADP describe the
light
6. contain both DNA and RNA so proteins can be
dependent
manu- factured quickly, thylakoid membrane has a
reac- tion
large SA for rapid DF and a network of proteins in
starting with
the Grana to maximise the absorbance of light
Photolysis
7. CO2 combines 5 carbon ribulose-bi-phosphate to
make 6 carbon molecule that is then catalysed by
describe the
ru- bisco to create two 3 phosphate glycerate
elec- tron
molecules that are then reduced via NADP and
transport chain
energy from ATP from LDR to triose phosphate that
will eventually turn into glucose, NADP reformed
and goes back to LDR
8. phosphorylated glucose is broken down in two 3 name three ad-
car- bon molecules called pyruvate (happens in the vantages of the
matrix mitochondria structure of a
chlo- raplast
9. pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated
to acetate NAD is reduced describe the
process of the
, AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 2
LIR
what is glycolysis and where does it happen?
what happens in the link reaction after Glycolysis?
, AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 2
10. acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to thus
form citrate which is decarboxylated and dehydro- glycolysis
genated to form 5 carbon molecule which is then can occur
de- hydrogenated and decarboxylated to form 4
13. where no
carbon ATP made by substrate-level
oxygen is
phosphorylation and FAD is reduced, oxalacetate is
available to
then regenerated to restart the cycle
accept the
11. H+ from oxidized reduced NAD and FAD, splits into H+ ion and
p and e travels down electron transport chain via so reduced
oxi- dation-reduction reactions losing energy each NAD builds
carrier used pump p from matrix into up and
intermembrane space creating high concentration cannot take
forming electrochemical gradient move down into anymore H+
matrix by ATP synthase dri- ves synthesis ATP from
chemiosmosis, Matriz end trans- port chain p,e, and Glyolysis
o combine form water. o final electron acceptor. thus
pyruvate is
12. hydrolysed to glycerol that is phosphorylated into
now reduced
into triose phosphate that becomes glucose and
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