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NR 509 / NR509 Final Exam Study Guide (2021) Chamberlain
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NR 509 / NR509 Final Exam Study Guide
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NR 509 Final Exam1. Know that in a 47-year-old man ED is usually ___________ rather than testosterone
- psychologic
2. Erectile dysfunction may be from psychogenic causes, especially if
- early morning erection is preserved.
it may also reflect decreased testosterone, decreased blood flow in the hypogastric
arterial system, impaired neural innervation, and diabetes
3. When performing a breast exam, know what abnormal masses should do when the arm
- may be fixed to skin or underlying tissues (may cause dimpling of skin or retraction
when arms are lifted over head or hands are pressed against hips)
4. Fibroadenoma and cysts mobility
- very mobile/mobile
5. Know that a high proportion of breast masses are noted during ________
- BSE
6. Breast stage 1
- preadolescent- elevation of nipple only
7. Breast stage 2
- breast bud stage- elevation of breast and nipple as a small mound; enlargement of
areolar diameter
,8. Breast stage 3
- further enlargement of elevation of breast and areola, with no separation of their
contours
9. Breast stage 4
- projection of areola and nipple to form a secondary mound above the level of breast
10. Breast stage 5
- mature stage- projection of nipple only; areola has receded to general contour of the
breast (although in some individuals the areola continues to form a secondary mound)
11. Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: acute
- epigastric, may radiation straight to the back of other areas of the abdomen; 20% with
severe sequelae of organ failure
12. Know where pain is located with pancreatitis: chronic
- epigastric, radiating to back
13. Know how hepatitis A is transmitted
- Transmitted through fecal-oral route. Fecal shedding followed by poor handwashing
contaminates water and foods leading to infection of household and sexual contacts
14. Stress incontinence
- the urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient increases in intra-abdominal
pressure raise the bladder pressure to levels that exceed urethral resistance. Causes
include childbirth and surgery, postmenopausal atrophy of the mucosa, and urethral
infection. May follow prostate surgery in men.
15. Urge incontinence
, - detrusor contractions are stronger than normal and overcome the normal urethral
resistance. The bladder is typically small. Mechanisms: Decreased cortical inhibition of
detrusor contractions from stroke, brain tumor, dementia, and lesions of the spinal cord
above sacral level. Also hyperexcitability of sensory pathways ie: bladder infections,
tumors, and fecal impaction. Deconditioning of voiding reflexes ie: frequent voluntary
voiding at low bladder volumes.
16. Overflow incontinence
- detrusor contractions are insufficient to overcome urethral resistance, causing urinary
retention. The bladder is typically flaccid and large, even after an effort to void.
Mechanisms: obstruction of the bladder outlet ie: BPH or tumor. Weakness of the
detrusor muscle associated with peripheral nerve disease at S2-4 level. Impaired
bladder sensation that interrupts the reflex arc ie: diabetic neuropathy.
17. Functional incontinence
- the patient is functionally able to reach the toilet in time because of impaired health or
environmental conditions. Mechanism: problems in mobility resulting from weakness,
arthritis, poor vision, or other conditions. Also environmental factors such as an
unfamiliar setting, distant bathroom facilities, bed rails, or physical restraints.
18. Incontinence secondary to medications
- drugs may contribute to any type of incontinence listed. Ex: sedatives, tranquilizers,
anticholinergics, sympathetic blockers, and potent diuretics
19. Know where lymph nodes should be with strep
- · Strep throat streptococcal pharyngitis, bacterial infection that may cause a sore,
scratchy throat
· Common childhood infection has a classic presentation of erythema of the posterior
pharynx and palatal petechiae
· Enlarged swollen cervical lymph nodes -> superficial cervical lymph nodes
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